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火蟻的社會行為：解析蟻后 - 工蟻的嗅覺互動

為了解決zs-609 ptt的問題，作者鄧小美 這樣論述：

Queen discrimination behavior in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta maintains its two types of societies: colonies with one (monogyne) or many (polygyne) queens, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is poorly understood. This behavior is controlled by two supergene alleles, SB and Sb, encompassing ~60

0 genes. Polygyne workers, having either the SB/SB or SB/Sb genotype, accept additional SB/Sb queens into their colonies but kill SB/SB queens. In contrast, monogyne workers, all having the SB/SB genotype, reject all additional queens regardless of genotypes.Our main question is: How do polygyne wor

kers recognize the queen’s genotype? To address this question, we dissected it into three parts: the social chromosome investigation, signal perception and making decision in the worker, and signal production in the queen.In the social chromosome investigation, we questioned how the supergene evolve

d and shaped the social polymorphism in the fire ant. To address this question, we tried to super-scaffold the social chromosome and identified the supergene boundaries. We super-scaffolded seven scaffolds and five contigs, and identified the outer most breakpoint of the supergene. Additionally, we

found that the supergene formation likely changed the cis-regulation of breakpoint adjacent genes.From the worker side, we hypothesized that the evolution of differential expression of key genes in their antennae and brains affects the difference in sensing queens and making queen acceptance/rejecti

on decision, respectively, by the alternate worker genotypes. We sequenced RNA of pooled antennae, and pooled brains from three groups of workers: monogyne SB/SB, polygyne SB/SB, and polygyne SB/Sb. We identified 81 and 98 differentially expressed genes in the antennae and brains, respectively. Deta

iled analysis on odorant binding protein SiOBP12 revealed SiOBP12 has an Sb-specific duplication, SiOBP12b’, which may have evolved, in part, through expression neofunctionalization. From brain RNA-seq analysis, we highlighted two putative signaling transmission genes.From the queen side, we aimed t

o find the source of the supergene chemical cues. We hypothesized the body part which habors the source of the cues will elicit the queen discrimination behavior consistently between two closed rubbing times. To test this, we used rubbing experiments on different body parts of matured virgin queens.

Our results suggested the abdomen likely contains the source of the cues.

膀胱癌抗藥性機轉與植化素調控之研究

為了解決zs-609 ptt的問題，作者卓君蓉 這樣論述：

膀胱癌是目前排名前十名的癌症之一，約有一半的患者都有復發的情況發生。在臨床治療上，多重抗藥性是目前造成膀胱癌化學藥物治療的主要阻礙，常導致預後不良以及復發的狀況發生。植物化學物質(植化素)已經在許多研究當中發現可以調控多重抗藥性的機轉。因此，在本實驗中假設植化素是可克服以及預防膀胱癌抗藥性的發生。首先以長時間低濃度gemcitabine培養人類高惡性度膀胱癌細胞T24成功建立T24抗藥性細胞(T24-GCB)。T24-GCB 細胞形態及RNA含量沒有改變，而細胞大小密度、細胞週期G2/M 及粒線體皆有變化。使用MTT實驗驗證T24細胞與T24抗藥性細胞對於相同化學治療藥物的感受性差異，半抑制

生長濃度相差約20倍。並發現對paclitaxel和mitomycin C產生多重抗藥性(cross resistant)。聚合酶鏈鎖反應 (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Q-PCR)分析T24細胞與T24抗藥性細胞的多重抗藥性基因(ABC family)表現，發現ABCC2表現增加，西方墨點法 (western blot)分析T24細胞與T24抗藥性細胞在藥物排出相關的多重抗藥性蛋白 (ABC family)及藥物代謝相關的激酶蛋白 (kinase)的變化，發現T24抗藥性細胞ABCC2蛋白質表現增加，但dCK, TK1,

TK2激酶蛋白表現量減少。後續為六種不同的植化素處理T24細胞與T24抗藥性細胞觀察72小時，以MTT實驗驗證T24細胞與T24抗藥性細胞對植化素的藥物感受性差異，辣椒素與榭皮素差異性最為明顯，辣椒素、薑黃素、榭皮素和白藜蘆醇各別與化療藥物健仕結合治療T24細胞與T24抗藥性細胞，最後分析其結合治療效果，T24細胞的治療效果皆為加成作用，T24-GCB細胞的治療效果，結果顯示辣椒素為協同毒殺作用，而薑黃素，榭皮素，白藜蘆醇皆為加成毒殺作用，再以spheroid 進行立體細胞株之多層次細胞探討細胞型態學的變化，T24細胞會聚集成大型球體，T24抗藥性細胞則形成球體並且形成許多微小的球體。使用植

化素與化療藥物結合治療立體細胞株，在T24細胞效果並不顯著，而T24抗藥性細胞中辣椒素單獨或與化療藥物治療仍出現有效毒殺細胞。Calcein-PI雙重螢光染色顯示，因與植化素和抗癌藥物的直接接觸，以致球體表層的細胞在一開始就先被殺死。最後探討抗藥性機轉，發現辣椒素與榭皮素可以減少多重抗藥性蛋白ABCC2之表現，而白藜蘆醇與薑黃素則是無法減少多重抗藥性蛋白以及藥物代謝激酶蛋白，其調控機轉可能是藉由其他路徑達到加成作用。結論: 本研究發現膀胱癌對gemcitabine抗藥性之產生與膀胱癌細胞膜ABCC2蛋白增加有關，而植化素中辣椒素表現最佳之抗癌藥物協同毒殺作用，可做為日後研究膀胱癌抗藥性調降之組

合式治療探討。