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The Ball That Changed the World: The Story of Alexander Joy Cartwright Jr., True Father of Baseball

為了解決Focus ST Wagon的問題，作者Chapman, Don 這樣論述：

In New York City in the 1830s and '40s, young Alick Cartwright grew up playing all kinds of games that used bats, balls and bases - but none of them were called baseball, for that game had not yet been created. In his teens, Alick and his friends ventured into other neighborhoods to play various bal

l games, including at the grassy squares at Madison Square and Murray Hill, and he earns a reputation as one of the best players in the city, whatever the game, be it cricket, rounders, barn ball, burn ball, stick ball, soak ball, goal ball, town ball or several "old cat" games - one old cat (one ba

se), two old cat (two bases), etc. But one thing drove Alick crazy - every area played by different rules, sometimes using two bases, sometimes five, and the number of players on the field varied from just a few to more than 20. Sometimes a base was a tall wooden stick in the ground, sometimes a roc

k, sometimes a barrel top or just an old hat. Plus, the distances between bases were always different. Worse, because the rules were always different, they spent as much time arguing about the rules as playing the game. Alick played for one reason, to have fun, and arguing was not fun. After a parti

cularly contentious argument that nearly comes to blows until Alick intervenes, he sits down with pencil, paper and ruler to create a more perfect game. After his best pal nearly dies after getting hit in the head by a thrown ball during a game of town ball, Alick writes down the rules of modern bas

eball. A year later, he organizes the first team, the Knickerbockers - as in the knickerbocker Fire Company, of which he was a member, as well as the first game and first scorecard. Three years later Alick is among the thousands of people joining the 1849 Gold Rush. He kept a meticulous journal alon

g the way, a copy of which I obtained from Bishop Museum in Honolulu. I also obtained everything the Baseball Hall of Fame has on Cartwright, made several visits to the Hawaii State Archive in Honolulu. And while Alick is the focus of this book, the Oregon and California Trails and all of the other

emigrants are co-stars. Growing up in Oregon, where the state seal includes oxen pulling a covered wagon and the state song includes the lyric "land of the pioneers," and having been born in the Gold Rush centennial year of 1949, I was always aware of the history and lasting influence of the Oregon

Trail pioneers. It turns out that the California Trail, after it breaks off from the Oregon Trail, was even more perilous in some ways than the Oregon. The story of the courage and determination of all the people - men, women, children - and their animals who crossed rivers, plains, deserts and moun

tains to reach Oregon and California is also one that needs to be retold, especially in a world where yesterday is old news already. Without the pioneers of 1849 and ensuing years, America would not be the nation it is today, in so many ways. Their example too is worth remembering and emulating. My

teaching degree and classroom experience, along with years of coaching kids, not to mention parenting, show through in the form of questions at the end of each chapter. Together, they emphasize vocabulary, mathematics, geology, geography, health and literary concepts, among other academic topics, as

well as questions designed to explore human relationships, personal responsibility and ethics, and personal thoughts and feelings. The questions can be used by school teachers and home-schoolers, or by parents reading with their children (or ignored altogether). The story is written for young peopl

e, but the drama is real and riveting for any age. I hope you'll find "The Ball That Changed The World" both entertaining and informative, and Alexander Joy Cartwright Jr. to be as admirable and heroic a fellow as I do. ＂The Ball That Changed The World＂ is written for a younger audience. Each two-

page chapter concludes with questions that can be used by teachers or home-schooling parents to emphasize academic topics from English to geology, as well as personal development and ethics. Mr. Chapman is also the author of three published non-fiction books, ＂Mauna Ala: Hawaii’s Royal Mausoleum,＂,

＂You Know You’re In Hawaii When ...＂ and ＂Boys of Winter: the Story of the Hawaii Winter Baseball League.＂ Between 2001 and 2005, he wrote six novels that were published in daily serialized form by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin under the general heading My Kind of Town. Mr. Chapman is editor-in-chief o

f a Honolulu publishing group that includes Hawaii’s best-read newspaper, a glossy magazine division and a weekly paper with readership of more than half a million. In 2005, Mr. Chapman was one of six American journalists chosen for the first U.S.-Korea Journalists Exchange Fellowship, sponsored by

the East-West Center and the Korea Press Foundation. Other U.S. journalists represented Newsday, National Public Radio in Washington D.C., Oprah Magazine, San Francisco Chronicle and a D.C. TV station. In Seoul he attened a baseball game between the Doosan Bears and Samsung Lions, one of the best ba

seball experiences of his lie. As a free-lance writer, Mr. Chapman has contributed to more than 30 publications. He previously worked as a daily columnist for the Honolulu Advertiser for 13 years, and before that as sports writer/columnist at the San Jose Mercury News and sports editor at the Pendle

ton East-Oregonian. Before studying journalism as a graduate student at the University of Oregon, he was a theology major as an undergrad and later spent one year in a seminary in St. Louis. His baseball background includes serving as a batboy for a minor league team (Salem Dodgers), lettering in hi

gh school and college, covering professional baseball for the San Jose Mercury News, and coaching youth leagues for eight years, including three state tournament teams. A resident of Hawaii since 1979, he is a native of Salem, Oregon.

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醫療侵權責任之過失判定

為了解決Focus ST Wagon的問題，作者吳振吉 這樣論述：

醫療過失係論斷醫療民事責任成立與否之核心要件，亦為我國醫療法歷次修法之重點。觀諸晚近比較法上認定醫療過失之趨勢，如英美法所採之「理性醫師」注意標準、德國法所採之「專業水準」、抑或日本法及我國法所採之「醫療水準」，皆係規範性、相對性的注意標準，須依個案情節而為調整。亦即，法院於認定醫療行為是否具有過失時，須考量醫療常規、鑑定意見、病人之特殊情狀、醫師診療行為之風險及未為診療之損害、診療之益處及成本等諸多因素，綜合判斷之。再者，醫療糾紛之爭點甚為龐雜，有與檢查相關之醫療糾紛、有與診斷相關之醫療糾紛、有與治療相關之醫療糾紛、有與醫療機構之組織設備相關之醫療糾紛、亦有與違反告知說明義務有關之醫療糾紛

。此等不同糾紛類型可能涉及之過失態樣不盡相同，醫師於相關醫療過程中之專業裁量亦有差異，難以有統一之注意標準。 凡此，皆使法院於認定醫療過失上相對困難，亦增加判決結果之不確定性。建構明確且具備法安定性之醫療過失判定體系，將醫療爭議予以類型化，或許係一可行之切入點。比較法上英美法、德國法及日本法之文獻已有開始將醫療爭議案件予以類型化，並分析法院於各別案件類型中判斷醫療過失之規則，然而我國文獻迄今卻仍缺乏相關著述。本研究之目的，即在研介比較法上關於醫療過失判定之基礎理論及訴訟案例，並嘗試融入醫療臨床工作者之視角，將醫療民事糾紛之爭點類型化，以建立醫療民事責任過失判定之操作體系，俾供我國學界及實

務界參考。