皮膚水分測試儀推薦的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們找到下列各種有用的問答集和懶人包

視黃酸之聚乳酸/聚乳酸乙醇酸奈米載體應用於雷射輔助經皮吸收以抑制皮膚光老化

為了解決皮膚水分測試儀推薦的問題，作者羅珮琦 這樣論述：

總目錄指導教授推薦書..............................................................................................................口試委員會審定書..........................................................................................................誌謝...............................................................

............................................................... iii中文摘要.......................................................................................................................ivAbstract....................................................................................................

.....................vi總目錄........................................................................................................................ viii圖目錄..........................................................................................................................xv表目錄...................

................................................................................................... xviii第一章、緒論................................................................................................................1第一節、皮膚簡介....................................................................

............................11-1 皮膚之生理功能 ....................................................................................11-2 表皮層 ....................................................................................................21-3 真皮層 .........................................................

...........................................31-4 皮下組織 ................................................................................................3第二節、藥物經皮吸收途徑及促進方式............................................................42-1 經皮吸收 ...............................................................

.................................42-2 藥物經皮吸收路徑 ................................................................................42-3 影響經皮吸收因素 ................................................................................52-3-1 藥物特性....................................................................

.................52-3-2 藥物載體與配方.........................................................................62-3-3 皮膚生理狀態.............................................................................62-4 藥物穿透皮膚的促進方式 ....................................................................72-4-1 化學性促進方式.......

..................................................................72-4-2 物理性促進方式.........................................................................7第三節、雷射........................................................................................................83-1 雷射簡介 ..........................

......................................................................83-2 雷射作用原理 ........................................................................................83-3 雷射在醫療的應用及雷射光譜 ............................................................93-4 雷射於皮膚應用上的分類 ..................................

................................103-4-1 汽化式雷射...............................................................................103-4-2 非汽化式雷射...........................................................................113-4-3 飛梭雷射...........................................................................

........113-5 鉺雅鉻雷射 ..........................................................................................123-6 飛梭二氧化碳雷射 ..............................................................................12第四節、皮膚老化.......................................................................................

.......134-1 內在因素 ..............................................................................................134-2 外在因素 ..............................................................................................134-3 光老化 .........................................................................

.........................154-3-1 光老化分子機制.......................................................................154-3-2 膠原蛋白...................................................................................164-3-3 彈性蛋白..................................................................................

.174-3-4 透明質酸...................................................................................184-3-5 基質金屬蛋白酶.......................................................................18第五節、對抗皮膚光老化的策略......................................................................205-1 光保護預防策略 ..................

................................................................205-2 外用藥物的投予來改善光老化 ..........................................................215-2-1 視黃酸 (retinoic acid, RA).......................................................215-2-2 RA 改善皮膚老化之作用與機制.............................................225-

2-3 RA 在使用上的限制.................................................................24第六節、奈米藥物載體......................................................................................256-1 常見奈米粒子種類 ..............................................................................256-1-1 微脂體...................

....................................................................266-1-2 奈米乳劑...................................................................................266-1-3 聚合物奈米粒子.......................................................................276-2 聚乳酸 (polylactic acid, PLA) 及聚乳酸乙醇酸 (poly(lact

ic-coglycolic acid), PLGA) 奈米粒子................................................................286-2-1 PLA 及其刺激膠原蛋白增生之效果.......................................286-2-2 PLGA .........................................................................................296-3 奈米粒子投予途徑 ........................

......................................................296-3-1 口服...........................................................................................306-3-2 腸胃外給藥...............................................................................306-3-3 皮膚投予.........................................

..........................................306-3-4 眼部投予...................................................................................31第二章、研究動機與實驗設計..................................................................................32第一節、研究背景與實驗動機...................................................

.......................32第二節、實驗設計與流程..................................................................................33第三章、實驗材料與方法..........................................................................................34第一節、試劑與儀器....................................................................

......................341-1 藥物、試劑與材料 ..............................................................................341-2 儀器設備 ..............................................................................................37第二節、實驗方法......................................................................

........................392-1 奈米劑型製備 ......................................................................................392-1-1 包覆 RA 之奈米劑型製備......................................................392-1-2 標定尼羅紅 (Nile red) 之奈米劑型製備 ...............................402-1-3 標定玫瑰紅 B (rhodamine B) 之奈米劑型製備.

...................402-2 奈米劑型之物化性質測定 ..................................................................402-2-1 粒徑大小及粒徑分散係數.......................................................402-2-2 表面電位...................................................................................412-2-3 疏水性測定...............

................................................................412-2-3 RA 包覆率.................................................................................412-2-4 RA 之高效液相層析儀分析.....................................................422-3 Free RA 製備...................................................

.....................................432-4 體外釋放試驗裝置及方法 ..................................................................432-5 穿透障壁種類及處理 ..........................................................................442-5-1 豬皮...............................................................................

............442-5-2 去角質豬皮...............................................................................442-5-3 經雷射豬皮...............................................................................452-6 雷射後之微孔洞觀察 ..........................................................................472-7 體外釋放試驗藥物

累積穿透量及皮內含量測定 ..............................472-8 毛囊內藥物含量測定 ..........................................................................472-9 奈米粒子經皮吸收之皮內分布 ..........................................................482-9-1 正立雷射共軛焦顯微鏡之觀察...............................................482-9-2 冷凍切片製備與螢光顯微鏡之

觀察.......................................482-10 體外細胞試驗 ....................................................................................492-10-1 冷凍細胞活化與繼代.............................................................492-10-2 細胞對於奈米粒子之攝取.....................................................492-10-3

細胞對於 free RA 及奈米劑型 RA 之存活率試驗...........502-10-4 細胞對於 UVA 之存活率試驗.............................................512-10-5 Free RA 及奈米劑型 RA 對於 Hs68 細胞暴露於 UVA 的存活率試驗..........................................................................................512-10-6 Western blotting 探討奈米劑型 RA 之光老化預防效果....522-

11 動物安全性試驗 ................................................................................552-11-1 相機及手持顯微鏡之影像觀察.............................................552-11-2 皮膚表皮色差計檢測.............................................................552-11-3 皮膚表皮酸鹼度檢測.............................................

................562-11-4 皮膚表皮水分散失檢測.........................................................562-11-5 皮膚組織病理學觀察.............................................................562-12 組織病理學 ........................................................................................562-12-1 石蠟包埋...............

..................................................................562-12-2 蘇木素-伊紅染色 (hematoxylin and eosin stain, H&E stain)572-13 統計方法 ............................................................................................57第四章、實驗結果..............................................................

........................................58第一節、不同處方 PLA 及 PLGA 奈米劑型之物化性質............................581-1 奈米劑型之粒徑、分散係數及表面電位 ..........................................581-2 奈米劑型之安定性 ..............................................................................581-3 奈米劑型之疏水性 ...........................

...................................................601-4 奈米劑型包覆 RA 後之物化性質與包覆率.....................................60第二節、雷射後之微孔洞觀察..........................................................................632-1 雷射施打於感熱紙之結果 ..................................................................632-2 雷射施打於豬皮

之結果 ......................................................................64第三節、體外經皮吸收試驗..............................................................................703-1 包覆 RA 奈米劑型對於正常豬皮之 RA 累積穿透量....................703-2 包覆 RA 奈米劑型對於正常豬皮之 RA 皮內含量........................703-3 不同處理方式之豬皮對於 RA 皮內含量促進

效果.........................723-3-1 Free RA 組 ................................................................................723-3-2 100% PLA 奈米劑型組 ............................................................733-3-3 PLA:PLGA = 3:7 奈米劑型組..................................................733-4 經雷射處理後毛囊

內 RA 含量.........................................................773-5 奈米粒子經皮吸收之皮內分布 ..........................................................783-5-1 共軛焦顯微鏡拍攝之皮膚影像...............................................783-5-2 螢光顯微鏡拍攝之冷凍切片影像...........................................86第四節、體外細胞試驗.............

.........................................................................894-1 細胞對於標定 rhodamine B 奈米劑型之攝取 .................................894-1-1 流式細胞分析儀檢測之細胞攝取狀況...................................894-1-2 共軛焦電子顯微鏡拍攝之細胞攝取影像...............................914-2 細胞對於 free RA 及奈米劑型 RA 之存活率測試 ...........

.............924-3 細胞對於 UVA 之存活率測試 ..........................................................944-4 奈米劑型 RA 對於照射 UVA 之 Hs68 細胞之存活率測試 ........954-5 奈米劑型 RA 對於 Hs68 細胞之預防光老化效果 ........................974-5-1 膠原蛋白 I 之蛋白表現量......................................................974-5-2 彈性蛋白之蛋白表現量..........

.................................................984-5-3 MMP-1 之蛋白表現量 .............................................................98第五節、動物安全性試驗................................................................................1005-1 外觀影像觀察 ..............................................................

......................1005-2 生理數值檢測 ....................................................................................1015-3 組織病理學觀察 ................................................................................102第五章、綜合討論..........................................................................

..........................104第六章、結論............................................................................................................110第七章、參考文獻....................................................................................................112附錄.........................................

...................................................................................122圖目錄圖一、人類皮膚結構...............................................................................................1圖二、表皮層結構..................................................................................................

.3圖三、藥物經皮吸收之皮膚滲透路徑...................................................................5圖四、藥物經皮吸收之物理性促進方法...............................................................7圖五、雷射基本作用原理及裝置...........................................................................9圖六、雷射光譜圖...................................

..............................................................10圖七、汽化式、非汽化式及飛梭雷射示意圖.....................................................11圖八、雷射系統中生物組織的吸收係數.............................................................12圖九、不同紫外線之穿透能力.....................................................................

........14圖十、皮膚老化過程之分子與生理機制示意圖.................................................16圖十一、膠原蛋白結構.........................................................................................17圖十二、彈性蛋白結構.........................................................................................17圖十三、透明質酸之基本結構....

.........................................................................18圖十四、RA 化學結構式......................................................................................21圖十五、類視黃醇代謝及訊號傳遞路徑.............................................................22圖十六、光老化及 RA 作用機制.............................

...........................................23圖十七、奈米粒子種類.........................................................................................25圖十八、微脂體結構.............................................................................................26圖十九、水包油及油包水奈米乳劑示意圖................................

.........................27圖二十、PLA 及其組成單體................................................................................28圖二十一、PLGA 及其組成單體.........................................................................29圖二十二、奈米劑型藥物投予途徑.....................................................................31

圖二十三、RA 高效液相層析儀分析之檢量線..................................................42圖二十四、RA 標準品 (40 μg/ml) 之高效液相層析圖譜.................................43圖二十五、體外直立式擴散玻璃裝置.................................................................44圖二十六、奈米劑型之疏水性測試..............................................................

.......60圖二十七、雷射施打於感熱紙以相機拍攝之影像.............................................63圖二十八、雷射施打於感熱紙以光學顯微鏡拍攝之影像.................................64圖二十九、雷射施打於豬皮皮膚以手持顯微鏡拍攝之影像.............................66圖三十、雷射施打於豬皮皮膚以光學顯微鏡拍攝之影像.................................67圖三十一、雷射施打於豬皮皮膚以掃描式電子顯微鏡拍攝之影像.................68圖三

十二、雷射施打於豬皮皮膚經蘇木素-伊紅染色切片之縱切面................69圖三十三、不同的 RA 奈米劑型經皮吸收之皮內含量....................................71圖三十四、豬皮經不同處理後在經皮吸收試驗中 RA 之皮內含量................75圖三十五、雷射處理後毛囊內 RA 含量............................................................77圖三十六、共軛焦顯微鏡—皮膚空白對照組............................................

.........79圖三十七、共軛焦顯微鏡—100% PLA 於未施予雷射皮膚之分布影像 .........80圖三十八、共軛焦顯微鏡—100% PLA 於鉺雅鉻雷射皮膚之分布影像 .........81圖三十九、共軛焦顯微鏡—100% PLA 於飛梭二氧化碳雷射皮膚之分布影像.............................................................................................................82圖四十、共軛焦顯微鏡—PLA:PLGA = 3:7 於未施予雷射皮膚之分布影像...83圖四十一、

共軛焦顯微鏡—PLA:PLGA = 3:7 於鉺雅鉻雷射皮膚之分布影像...............................................................................................................84圖四十二、共軛焦顯微鏡—PLA:PLGA = 3:7 於飛梭二氧化碳雷射皮膚之分布影像...................................................................................................85圖四十三、冷凍切

片—皮膚空白對照組.............................................................86圖四十四、冷凍切片—100% PLA 投予於皮膚之分布影像 .............................87圖四十五、冷凍切片—PLA:PLGA = 3:7 投予於皮膚之分布影像...................88圖四十六、細胞攝取奈米劑型之流式細胞儀檢測結果.....................................90圖四十七、細胞攝取奈米劑型之共軛焦顯微鏡影像...........................

..............91圖四十八、不同濃度之 free RA 及奈米劑型 RA 對於 Hs68 之存活率.......93圖四十九、不同 UVA 能量對於 Hs68 之存活率.............................................94圖五十、10 J/cm2 UVA 下以奈米劑型 RA 前處理之細胞存活率...................95圖五十一、5 J/cm2 UVA 下以奈米劑型 RA 前、後處理之細胞存活率.........96圖五十二、膠原蛋白 I 之蛋白表現量......................................

..........................97圖五十三、彈性蛋白之蛋白表現量.....................................................................98圖五十四、MMP-1 之蛋白表現量 ......................................................................99圖五十五、動物安全性試驗之外觀影像...........................................................100圖五十六、動物安全性試驗之生理數值

...........................................................102圖五十七、動物安全性試驗之組織病理學切片...............................................103表目錄表一、PLA 及 PLGA 奈米劑型處方比例..........................................................40表二、鉺雅鉻雷射儀器簡介.......................................................................

..........45表三、鉺雅鉻雷射實驗條件.................................................................................45表四、飛梭二氧化碳雷射儀器簡介.....................................................................46表五、飛梭二氧化碳雷射實驗條件.....................................................................46表六、Western blotting 電

泳膠體製備配方.........................................................53表七、PLA 及 PLGA 奈米劑型物化性質..........................................................59表八、PLA 及 PLGA 奈米劑型包覆 RA 之物化性質 ....................................61表九、奈米劑型對於 RA 之包覆率...................................................................

.62表十、豬皮經不同處理後在經皮吸收試驗中 RA 之皮內含量與促進倍數....76