could you please cla的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們找到下列各種有用的問答集和懶人包

Tosh: Growing Up in Wallace Berman’s World

為了解決could you please cla的問題，作者Berman, Tosh/ Tamblyn, Amber (INT) 這樣論述：

The triumphs and tragedies of growing up as the son of a famous Beat artistTOSH is a memoir of growing up as the son of an enigmatic, much-admired, hermetic, and ruthlessly bohemian artist during the waning years of the Beat Generation and the heyday of hippie counterculture. A critical figure in th

e history of postwar American culture, Tosh Berman's father, Wallace Berman, was known as the "father of assemblage art," and was the creator of the legendary mail-art publication Semina. Wallace Berman and his wife, famed beauty and artist's muse Shirley Berman, raised Tosh between Los Angeles and

San Francisco, and their home life was a heady atmosphere of art, music, and literature, with local and international luminaries regularly passing through.Tosh's unconventional childhood and peculiar journey to adulthood features an array of famous characters, from George Herms and Marcel Duchamp, t

o Michael McClure and William S. Burroughs, to Dennis Hopper and Dean Stockwell, to the Rolling Stones, Neil Young, and Toni Basil.TOSH takes an unflinching look at the triumphs and tragedies of his unusual upbringing by an artistic genius with all-too-human frailties, against a backdrop that includ

es TheT.A.M.I. Show, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Easy Rider, and more. With a preface by actress/writer Amber Tamblyn (daughter of Wallace's friend, actor Russ Tamblyn), TOSH is a self-portrait taken at the crossroads of popular culture and the avant-garde. The index of names included rep

resents a who's who of midcentury American--and international--culture.Praise for Tosh"Tosh Berman's sweet and affecting memoir provides an intimate glimpse of his father, Wallace, and the exciting, seat-of-the-pants LA art scene of the 1960s, and it also speaks to the hearts of current and former l

onely teenagers everywhere."--Luc Sante, author of The Other Paris"This is the story of a kid growing up inside of art world history, retelling his upbringing warts and all. A well-written, fast-moving book that is candid, funny, often disturbing, and never dull."--Gillian McCain, co-author of Pleas

e Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk"TOSH is a delightfully entertaining memoir filled with sly wit and a profound personal perspective."--John Zorn, composer"One could not wish for a better guide into the subterranean and bohemian worlds of the California art/Beat scene than Tosh Berman,

only scion of the great Wallace. Tosh has a sly wit and an informed eye, he is both erudite and neurotic, and often hilarious."--John Taylor, Duran Duran"There's the life--and then there's the life. With TOSH you can have both. My life, and that of many who sailed with me, was formed by the 40's & 5

0's. TOSH takes you there."--Andrew Loog Oldham, producer/manager, The Rolling Stones"As the son of artist Wallace Berman, Tosh Berman had a front row seat for the beat parade of the '50s, and the hippie extravaganza of the '60s. It was an exotic, star-studded childhood, but having groovy parents do

esn't insulate one from the challenge of forging one's own identity in the world. Berman's successful effort to do that provides the heart and soul of this movingly candid chronicle of growing up bohemian."--Kristine McKenna, co-author of Room to Dream by David Lynch"This is a beautifully written me

moir, and I highly recommend it to those who are interested in the Sixties, Topanga Canyon, the Southern California art scene, and for those who wonder what it might mean to grow up as the son of one of our most acclaimed artists."--Lisa See, author of The Tea Girl of Hummingbird Lane Tosh Berman

is a writer, poet, and publisher of TamTam Books. As a publisher, he focused on post-war French figures such as Boris Vian, Guy Debord, Serge Gainsbourg and French gangster Jacques Mesrine, as well as publishing Sparks (Ron Mael & Russell Mael) and Lun*na Menoh. His previous book Sparks-Tastic (2013

) is a combination of travel journal and thoughts on the band Sparks. His book of poems The Plum in Mr. Blum’s Pudding (2014) came out through Penny-Ante Editions. He authored the introduction to Wallace Berman: American Aleph from the Michael Kohn Gallery in 2016.

The Accusation

為了解決could you please cla的問題，作者Bandi 這樣論述：

如果北韓是綻放笑容的地獄， 他就是在地獄裡幽微閃爍的螢火蟲之光…… 　　韓國kyobo、英國Amazon書店讀者★★★★★驚世推薦！ 　　我不是用筆和墨水寫這本書，我用的是血淚和骨頭。或許這些故事像沙漠一樣貧瘠、像荒野雜草一樣粗糙，或是像石製工具一樣不堪，但親愛的讀者，請您讀它吧！ ──潘迪 　　在這裡，「階級成分」不好的人，連努力的資格都沒有；孩子害怕馬克思肖像，父母就等著被流放；即使一輩子忠黨愛國，死前卻依舊一無所有；就算父母臨終，想見最後一面，沒有「通行證」也寸步難行；甚至表達情感的自由都是一種奢求，偉大領袖駕崩，連你致哀的次數都有人偷偷記錄…… 　　對生活在這裡的人來說

，這個地獄就叫作「北韓」。歷經無數次生離死別，作者潘迪親眼目睹諸多不公不義，決心為同胞發聲，暗地裡將他的所見所聞記錄下來。不同於坊間關於北韓的書籍多由西方新聞記者採訪撰寫或是「脫北」者的回憶錄，潘迪是第一位目前仍然生活在北韓的作者。他冒著生命危險，將秘密撰寫多年的手稿小心收藏，最後夾帶在《金日成選集》中才得以「偷渡」到南韓公諸於世。 　　七篇故事，也是對北韓的七個控訴，潘迪用生命凝鍊，以憤怒提筆，一手揭發北韓五十年來的專制、謊言與民不聊生的真相，也帶領我們深入這個外人難以想像的險惡國度。儘管沉痛到讓人不忍卒讀，但只要多一個人看到，就能為這個墨一般黑的地獄深淵，點燃一絲希望之光。 好評推薦

　　我們能做的，只有細細讀完書中每一則「控訴」，只有這樣，才能拯救冒著生命危險把這些故事寫下來並傳布到全世界的作者。——《請照顧我媽媽》暢銷作家／申京淑 　　精采絕倫的故事……揭露了居住在這個國家的可怕真相，任何自由都被剝奪，饑荒與暴行層出不窮，但人心中的信念與希望仍有機會度過這一切苦難。二○一七年度必讀經典！──英國《翡翠街》雜誌 　　《控訴》作為第一部自獨裁國家北韓偷渡出境的文學作品，持續締造國際性的歷史紀錄……這些熠熠發光的故事揭露了人民日復一日承受駭人挑戰的絕望生活……潘迪筆下的角色對於控訴充滿恐懼與懸念，而《控訴》這個書名則是犀利懇切地穿透了讀者的心！——《書單》雜誌 　　《

控訴》是個引人入勝的故事，也是個意義非凡的故事，替韓國半島上為陰影所覆蓋的那半邊灑下光明……這些故事對作者而言或許像是一種驅魔儀式，對我們而言則如同真相大公開。《控訴》雖是虛構小說，卻字字句句都在嘶吼吶喊著真相。如同另一部偉大的文學經典《伊凡傑尼索維奇的一天》一般，《控訴》是一部力道十足的作品，大有可能成為朝鮮民主主義人民共和國國民苦難生活的歷史性教材。——加拿大國家郵報 　　充滿勇氣與驚懼困惑的短篇故事集……我默默地領受這份特權，透過傾聽這些生動且無懈可擊的故事，認識那個無聲的世界……這部故事集似乎是黑暗北韓中閃爍的一道光，同時也不經意地在提醒我們，那兒越來越暗了。──《新政治家》周刊

　　潘迪的寫作風格與西方小說作者截然不同……其直白、單純的架構與故事本身十分相襯，畢竟故事內容已經如此富戲劇性、如此令人揪心，再做任何補充都顯得多餘……《控訴》相當易讀……且值得一讀！──Crime Fiction Lover網站 　　一部貨真價實的「逃亡」小說，對北韓這個金氏王朝及其追隨者眼中的天堂，有著極具破壞性的批判……故事帶著一絲鮮明的諷刺意味，但絕大多數都是肅穆而真實……作者顯然與北韓各個社會階級都有相當廣泛的接觸，從工人、農民到中級政務官……是一部相當重要的目擊紀錄。──寇克斯評論 　　用一種非常印象派、非常隱晦、幾乎是遮遮掩掩的口氣來描述獨裁國家的日常生活……這本書讓我們對於

在北韓受盡苦難的人們的臉孔和他們的生活有了清晰的畫面……讀完時我幾乎要長嘆，提醒自己能生活在民主國家有多麼幸運……我曾想過歐威爾和卡夫卡，但此時才幡然領悟他們描述的國家確實存在，也有人確實生活在其中，而他們或許根本不知道人生還有其他截然不同的可能。──法國《L’express》雜誌 　　本書帶領我們墜入北韓家庭的日常生活，這些故事是一個在極權主義下無法呼吸的男人的哭嚎，也是在北韓共產主義的桎梏下支離破碎的全體人民的吶喊……作者藉著故事、詩歌、幽默甚至滑稽的手法，譴責種種讓人無法忍受的不公不義。筆觸簡潔謙和，賦予作品獨特美感，這七篇故事閃耀著人性的柔光。──義大利《Aleteia》網站 　　

一部罕見的作品，集結了七篇動人的故事，讓我們一窺這個神秘國家的模樣，那兒流出的訊息從來沒有正常過……與金正恩政權所塑造的華美壯觀卻荒誕可笑的形象大異其趣，《控訴》讓人們有機會發掘這個神秘國度的動人面貌，在這塊被遺忘的土地上，人性只求有那麼一絲勝出的契機。──《閱讀》雜誌 　　「潘迪」──原意為「螢火蟲」的化名作者，他已創下無法想像的紀錄──針對北韓的獨裁政權留下證詞，人還留在境內……一如索忍尼辛和其作品在他那個時代所締造的成就一般，潘迪的故事在在提醒我們，無論代價為何，打擊審查制度這場戰役一定要堅持下去！──法國《L’amour des livres》雜誌 　　沒人能想像得到，生活在獨裁政

權下會與滑稽扯上關係，但敘述這個無限荒謬的體制的過程中，潘迪有時真的會讓讀者迸出緊張的笑聲……在這個弄不清民主與愚民政策的國家裡，這部作品就像一道微光！──法國《L’Alsace》雜誌 　　潘迪呈現了北韓在金日成（及其後繼者）統治下的嚴峻景象。故事發生的時間距今已超過二十年，但即使真有任何改善，這部作品依然相當準確地描述了北韓人民今時今日的生活樣貌……我是少數讀過本書也去過北韓的人，而我可以告訴你，本書所述與我去年夏季在當地的所見所聞毫無二致。──「書人」書店執行長／史提夫‧貝爾庫 　　透過一個個毫無轉圜餘地的故事，假名「潘迪」的作者給了讀者難得一見的機會，一窺北韓人民的生活如何陷於「不見

天日的黑暗」當中……後記裡關於班迪的手稿偷渡出境的過程，正揭示了這部作品得以存在於這世上是絕大的奇蹟。——出版家週刊 　　即使對作者一無所知，對原文手稿偷渡出境的過程一無所知，這部作品讓我們憶起關於極權主義的世界文學經典的力道，也絲毫不減！──法國《L’ours》雜誌 　　作者煞費苦心地從他的祖國淬鍊出來的數篇故事，價值非凡……古典的架構讓我們想起果戈里、契訶夫，而讀來荒誕又諷刺的文風，則可比美尤內斯庫和布爾加科夫。──Books Magazine 　　如此珍稀難得的瓶中信，我們應該好好緊握在手，仔細品讀當今世上最後一個馬克思主義政權的悲劇故事。──法國《Le Revenu》雜誌 　　

每一個故事，都敘說著這個無道的獨裁政權的不同面向……潘迪透過犀利的諷刺與黑色幽默，譴責極權主義與北韓社會的分裂，也譴責一黨專政體制的荒謬與腐敗。──法國《La Grande Parade》雜誌 　　這些故事敘述的，是尋常百姓如何因為某些荒謬的原因受盡侮辱與毆打，表情空洞怪誕的政府爪牙和極盡諂媚的鄰人如何在一旁圍觀，而受難者又是如何被一個箝制國家長達六十年的獨裁政權逮捕、懲罰。擲地有聲、打破沉默的作品！──法國《La Vie》雜誌 　　來自仍居於北韓境內、化名為潘迪的作者的反動故事……從覆著神秘面紗的獨裁政權中現身的稀有作品……即將震撼全球文壇！──英國《衛報》記者／艾利森‧弗洛德 　　北

韓邊界滴水不漏，除了政戰文宣以外什麼小說都出不去，任何異議更是打壓得徹徹底底。於是這本小說一偷渡出境，立刻在全球出版界颳起颶風！──圖書館期刊 　　本書作者身分不詳，他也樂於保持這種狀態。他至今仍居住在一個為暴政所控制的國家，冒著生命危險從事寫作。他用帶著幽默的筆觸，描述獨裁政權下的日常生活，那些極端悲慘的景況。而統治者佈下的監控網絡，讓所有人都可能是潛在的線民或間諜。──《Mag Dimanche》雜誌 　　精雕細琢的作品……《控訴》充滿讓人難以忘懷的駭人故事……值得一讀！──Complete Review網站 　　極富人性的作品，潘迪是一位真正的作家！──法國《Lecturama.f

r》網站 　　來自全球最獨裁政權的罕見故事……戲劇性十足，讓人一頁接著一頁！——《Quartz》雜誌 　　對於北韓人民真實生活感興趣的讀者……本書敘說的尋常百姓生活，會讓你深深沈浸其中！——The Millions網站 　《控訴》勇敢地為長久以來渴望自由的數百萬計的人民發聲！──英國《Culture Trip》雜誌 　　這七篇故事的總集面市，是出版界的歷史性大事！──《Livres Hebdo》雜誌 　　如果詩作一如華茲華斯所說，是將澎湃情緒憶念成靜謐文字的方式，那麼《控訴》表現的，就是持續處於危機當中時那正在澎湃的情緒……《控訴》的寬宏與勇氣，已是一種大愛的行誼！──英國《衛報》讀

者／RO Rwon 　　---中文簡介擷取自中譯本《控訴》，平安文化出版 　　*開本說明：此書為特殊不修邊裁切（Deckle Edge） 　　The Accusation is a deeply moving and eye-opening work of fiction that paints a powerful portrait of life under the North Korean regime. Set during the period of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il’s leadership, the seven stories that

make up The Accusation give voice to people living under this most bizarre and horrifying of dictatorships. The characters of these compelling stories come from a wide variety of backgrounds, from a young mother living among the elite in Pyongyang whose son misbehaves during a political rally, to a

former Communist war hero who is deeply disillusioned with the intrusion of the Party into everything he holds dear, to a husband and father who is denied a travel permit and sneaks onto a train in order to visit his critically ill mother. Written with deep emotion and writing talent, The Accusatio

n is a vivid depiction of life in a closed-off one-party state, and also a hopeful testament to the humanity and rich internal life that persists even in such inhumane conditions. Winner of a PEN Translates Award 　　“[A] remarkable collection . . . [the stories’] power is in the plain-spoken, almos

t artless way they convey daily life under an ever-watchful, whimsically cruel regime . . . This courageous book offers an important reminder that not all dystopias are invented.”―Sam Sacks, Wall Street Journal 　　“Searing fiction by an anonymous dissident . . . A fierce indictment of life in the to

talitarian North.”―New York Times 　　“[The Accusation] might be the most dangerous book on the planet right now . . . An historic milestone . . . A powerful denunciation . . . Its very existence is still a hopeful symbol that change is inevitable, if not imminent.”―Vice 　　“They say fact is stranger

than fiction. One book smuggled out of North Korea encapsulates both . . . A reflection of life under North Korean rule . . . This is the first known writer of a book, critical of North Korea, who is still inside the country.”―Paula Hancocks, CNN 　　“The Accusation shines a light on the dark half o

f the Korean peninsula with stories that are as readable as they are important . . . If these stories are an exorcism for the author, they are a revelation for us; The Accusation is fiction, but it is fiction that screams truth. Like its great literary predecessor One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisov

ich, The Accusation is a powerful work that seems destined to serve as the go-to example, and indictment, of life in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.”―National Post 　　“Deborah Smith . . . vividly brings to English the taut, searing stories . . . Each turn of the page, each moment of anger

and sadness a reader feels for Bandi’s characters comes with a deeper ache. The reader knows, horribly, that all of these things are still happening.”―Minneapolis Star Tribune 　　“Revelatory . . . Bandi, whoever he may be, has made history. He’s illuminated the daily life of North Koreans, presenti

ng them as human beings living in―and in spite of―extraordinary circumstances. The Accusation, which is a triumph simply for existing, places Bandi in the canon of dissenting literature. Now we can only hope to read more of his work.”―Paste 　　“The seven stories . . . aptly convey the hardships and

constant trauma that people face in a country cut off from the rest of the world . . . Written with deep emotion and elegance.”―Business Standard 　　“All we can do is to read these ‘accusations.’ Only that will save the writer who wrote and sent them out into the world at the risk of his own life.”―

Kyung-Sook Shin, New York Times bestselling author of Please Look After Mom 　　“The Accusation is a stark and often despair-inducing collection, but one we should read with great urgency at this moment, both as a document of what is and what could be and as a way to continue gaining better understan

ding of the complexities of North Korean society, which remains elusive to the West . . . The Accusation represents a milestone for those living outside the DPRK, but also in a sense for those living within its borders . . . Bandi refuses simplicity for his characters. Instead he gifts them forceful

and vivid voices.”―Words Without Borders 　　“A startling collection of short stories revealing the brutal reality of life inside the isolated regime . . . A remarkable feat of dissident literature . . . The seven short stories and one poem presented in The Accusation are based on harrowing true eve

nts, which only heightens their import and impact . . . A clarion call for justice, The Accusation is an unforgettable testament to indomitable human spirit, written with an unbending commitment to the truth, at times difficult to bear, but also spiked with a sharp satirical spear . . . Immeasurably

vital.”―New Daily 　　“This is an extraordinary tale of ordinary people in North Korea . . . A highly readable, nuanced, credible picture of a country where ordinary people go about their lives treading around the regime, and sometimes bumping into it.”―BBC World Service 　　“A collection of courageo

us and confounding short stories . . . expertly translated by Deborah Smith . . . Shows similarities of both quality and content to stories by authors as various as Gorky, Solzhenitsyn and Chen Ruoxi, or even Chinese contemporaries such as Yan Lianke . . . Vivid and uncompromising storytelling.”―New

Statesman (UK) 　　“These short works offer powerful insights into a world behind walls . . . In its scope and courage, The Accusation is an act of great love.”―Guardian 　　“Unflinching tales from North Korea . . . Enlightening . . . A compelling collection.”―Observer (UK) 　　“The Accusation takes u

s across a deep cultural and political border . . . The stories, written between 1989 and 1995, constitute a passionate J’accuse . . . Shines a necessary light on what remains one of the darkest places on Earth.”―Hamilton Spectator 　　“A rare piece of fiction from one of the world’s most repressive

regimes . . . A dramatic page-turner.”―Quartz 　　“For readers interested in a candid look at life in North Korea, The Accusation . . . will immerse you via the stories of common folk.”―Millions 　　“The Accusation continues to make international history as the first literary work smuggled out of repr

essive North Korea . . . Illuminating stories that reveal desperate lives enduring terrifying day-to-day challenges . . . British translator Smith . . . expertly delivers Bandi’s subversive prose with nuanced grace . . . As Bandi’s characters both fear and sling accusations, the title takes on pierc

ing gravitas for readers.”―Booklist (starred review) 　　“With these uncompromising stories, the pseudonymous Bandi gives a rare glimpse of life in the “truly fathomless darkness” of North Korea . . . An endnote about how Bandi’s collection was smuggled out of the country reveals just how miraculous

it is that it exists at all.”―Publishers Weekly 　　“Fugitive fiction―literally―from inside North Korea, devastatingly critical of the Kim dynasty and its workers’ paradise . . . There is a streak of satire in these stories, but mostly they are grimly realistic . . . Certainly the author has access t

o the broad sweep of North Korean society, from industrial workers and farmers to midlevel political functionaries . . . An important document of witness.”―Kirkus Reviews 　　“No fiction beyond a trickle of agitprop has passed beyond North Korea’s borders, and of course dissident voices are suppresse

d altogether. When it was smuggled out, this story collection became an international publishing sensation.”―Library Journal 　　“Well-crafted stories . . . The Accusation is a haunting, disturbing collection . . . worthwhile.”―Complete Review 　　“[A] slim, powerful volume.”―Week 　　“Bandi’s writing

style is markedly different from that of Western fiction . . . The rather bare-bones, bracing style fits the stories told. Their content has so much implicit drama and heartache, there’s no need to elaborate . . . The Accusation is a quick read . . . Worthy of attention.”―Crime Fiction Lover 　　“The

stories are understated but the dissent is scorching. The only way to adequately honour writing that puts the author’s life in danger is to read it.”―Globe and Mail 　　“Dissident tales from pseudonymous author Bandi, still living in the country . . . very rare fiction to emerge from the secretive d

ictatorship . . . on its way to becoming an international literary sensation.”—Alison Flood, Guardian 　　“[A] remarkable collection of stories . . . Revealing the terrible truth of living in a country where any any freedoms are curtailed, where famine and brutality are rife, but where human belief a

nd hope can survive any odds, this is a defining read for 2017.”―Emerald Street (UK) 　　“The Accusation courageously speaks for millions of people who collectively long for a life of peace.”―Culture Trip 　　“Plunges us into the daily life of families in North Korea. These stories are the cry of a ma

n suffocated by totalitarianism. These are also the cry of an entire people who have been broken under the yoke of North Korean communism . . . The author makes use of storytelling, poetry, humor, and even the burlesque to aid his condemnation of these unbearable injustices. The writing is simple, h

umble, which gives it its beauty. The seven novellas shine with humanity and tenderness.”—Aleteia 　　“This collection of novellas that the author managed to extract from his country is of incredible value . . . The classic construction reminds us of Gogol and Chekhov, and for their taste for absurdi

st satire, Ionesco and Bulgakov.”—Books Magazine 　　“Describes in very impressionistic, subtle, almost veiled tones, if I may, the daily life of a dictatorship . . . The book gives a human face, gives stories and images, to the sufferings of North Koreans . . . I was almost groggy by the time I fini

shed reading, reminding myself of just how lucky I am to live in a democracy . . . I thought of Orwell and Kafka but realized that the country described here really exists and that there are people who are living there, perhaps not even knowing that a different kind of life is possible.”—L’express

　　“Bandi, a pseudonym that means “firefly”, has achieved the unthinkable – offering a testimony on the dictatorial regime of North Korea while remaining in situ . . . In the same way as the works of Solzhenitsyn in their time, Bandi’s writing reminds us of the perennial necessity of battling censors

hip, whatever the cost.”—L’amour des livres 　　“This author is completely unknown and would like to stay that way. He continues to live in a country that is held fast by an iron fist, putting his life at risk by writing. He describes, not without humor, the ordinary life of this dictatorship, the ex

treme misery there, and the surveillance networks that have been put in place by the regime, which make everyone into a potential spy or informant.”—Mag Dimanche 　　“Even if one did not know anything about the writer or the way the manuscript was smuggled out of the country, it would not diminish th

e fact that the force of this collection of novellas evokes the classics of world literature about totalitarianism.”—L’ours 　　“A message in a bottle that is so precious that we should all reach out to grab it and better understand the tragedy of the last Marxist regime in the world.”—Le Revenu 　　“

Stories of simple people that are humiliated and beaten down for absurd reasons, watched over by grotesque henchmen and toadying neighbors, arrested and punished by a dictatorship that has held the country under its heel for six decades. A book to burst the silence.”—La Vie 　　“This rare collection

offers seven moving novellas, snapshots of a country where nothing normal ever leaks out . . . A far cry from the grandiloquent, ridiculous images that are thrown out by the Kim Jong-Un regime, The Accusation offers the opportunity to discover a moving portrait of a secret country, a forgotten land

where humanity only asks to try to triumph.”—Lire 　　“No one could imagine that it could be at all comical to live in a dictatorship, but in describing the limitless absurdity of the system, Bandi sometimes makes the reader give out a nervous laugh . . . A fragile hint of light in a country that con

fuses democracy with obscurantism.”—L’Alsace 　　“Each of these stories shows a different aspect of the remorseless dictatorship . . . With a fierce sense of irony and a deeply dark humor, Bandi denounces totalitarianism, the divisions in North Korean society, and the absurdity and corruption of the

one party system.”—La Grande Parade 　　“Stories written with a great humanity, the work of a true writer.”—Lecturama.fr

提升國中英語學習者的電子郵件語用覺識：以寫給老師的英語道歉電子郵件為例

為了解決could you please cla的問題，作者林明芳 這樣論述：

隨著電腦媒介溝通的普及，電子郵件的言語行為已在中介語用學裡成為一個新興且重要的議題。為了提升第二語言學習者的電子郵件言語行為之語用能力，語用教學顯得格外重要。然而，目前現有文獻中，探討電子郵件言語行為的教學成效之研究仍顯不足。有鑑於此，本研究旨在探討道歉電子郵件教學對於台灣英語學習者的電子郵件寫作之影響，並同時檢視學生對於道歉電子郵件寫作教學的看法。 本研究以南台灣一所偏鄉國中的一個國二班30位學生為研究對象。研究工具包含選擇試題、言談情境填充問卷(Written Discourse Completion Task)、後設語用評斷問卷(Metapragmatic Judgmen

t Task)、回顧式口語報告(Retrospective Verbal Report)、道歉電子郵件教學講義、學生學習日誌及英語道歉電子郵件教學回饋問卷。研究歷程根據文體教學法(a genre-based approach)將研究區分為三個階段：建立情境與前測、道歉電子郵件教學、獨立寫作與後測。所蒐集之資料根據五大主題進行分析：電子郵件理解、後設語用判斷、電子郵件寫作、寫作認知過程及道歉電子郵件教學看法。 研究結果摘要如下：(一)學生於後測選擇試題中所得之分數顯著高於前測，顯示出教學有助於學生的道歉電子郵件之理解。此外，中分組進步的幅度遠超過高分組與低分組。(二)教學對於後設語用判斷中

的威脅程度看法(perception of severity of offense)及寫作困難程度看法有不同的影響。威脅程度方面，學生於前後測的看法並無顯著差異。然而，在寫作困難程度方面，學生於後測中所呈現的寫作困難程度明顯地低於前測，意味著在某種程度上，教學能夠降低學生的寫作困難程度，尤其對於高分組與中分組學生更有顯著的影響。(三)電子郵件寫作方面，學生於後測中的寫作分數明顯高於前測。此外，經過教學，學生的電子郵件篇幅比較長，並能使用比較精確且具體的電子郵件標題、更正式的開場白策略、多樣化的結尾策略及更複雜的道歉策略。這些教學成效在高分組與中分組的學生寫作方面更為明顯。然而，為期十週的教學並

無法增進學生的寫作複雜程度。(四)語用教學能夠增進學生的認知過程。經過教學，學生更著重使用道歉的藉口並更注意語用語言成分(pragmalinguistic features)。此外，學生也更能從電子郵件的架構來規劃寫作，且能從道歉藉口的說服力及電子郵件的成分之有無來評量自己的寫作。最後，學生更能明確地指出自己在語用語言成分的寫作困難處。簡言之，教學有助提升學生的語用語言覺識(pragmalinguistic awareness)。這些教學成效對於中分組學生的認知歷程更有顯著的影響。(五)大部分學生對於道歉電子郵件教學抱持著肯定的態度。學生認為道歉電子郵件能夠增進自己各方面的學習，包含文法、單字

、寫作、口說與跨文化差異之學習，並深信此教學對未來求學有助益。然而，少部分低分組學生因受限於英語能力的不足，對於本案教學表達負面的看法。 根據研究結果，本論文於文末提出相關的學術研究與教學之啟示。雖然本研究仍存在一些研究限制有待後續研究之改善，但本研究已使得電腦媒介溝通及中介語用學領域往前邁進一大步，更對電子郵件言語行為之教學議題有所啟發。