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Introduction to Development Engineering: A Framework with Applications from the Field

為了解決Afghanistan civil wa的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Ashok J. Gadgil is Faculty Senior Scientist and former Director of the Energy and Environmental Technologies Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is also Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He specializes in heat transfer, flui

d dynamics, and technology design for development. He also has substantial experience in technical, economic, and policy research on energy efficiency and its implementation - particularly in developing countries. Two of his best-known technologies for the developing-world are ＂UV Waterworks＂ (a sim

ple, effective, and inexpensive water disinfection system), and the Berkeley-Darfur Stove (a low-cost stove that saves fuelwood in internally displaced person’s camps in Darfur). In early 1990s, he analyzed the potential for large utility-sponsored projects to promote energy efficient electric light

ing in poor households in developing countries, then teamed up with others to design and demonstrate such projects. These have become commonplace in dozens of developing countries since 2000 onward, saving billions of dollars annually to their economies. Gadgil holds a Ph.D. in Physics from the Univ

ersity of California, Berkeley and an M.Sc. in Physics from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.Temina Madon is Executive Director of the Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA), a research network headquartered at UC Berkeley that focuses on the design and rigorous evaluation of anti-poverty p

olicies, services, and technologies. In this role, Madon oversees the Development Impact Lab, a USAID-funded consortium of universities leveraging science and engineering to accelerate global economic development. She also spearheads multiple initiatives to build scientific capacity in developing co

untries, particularly in the areas of economics and public health. She has served as an advisor to the World Health Organization on implementation research and has consulted for the World Bank, the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Earlier, Ma

don served as founding executive director of the Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases at UC Berkeley. From 2006 to 2008, she was the science policy analyst for the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Prior to this, she led a portfolio of global health initi

atives for the U.S. Senate HELP Committee (under the leadership of Senator Edward Kennedy) as a AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow. She received a PhD in 2004 from UC Berkeley and a BS in 1998 from MIT.Michael Callen is professor of economics and strategic management at the Rady School of Man

agement at University of California, San Diego. He uses experiments to identify ways to address accountability and service delivery failures in the public sector, working primarily in Afghanistan and in Pakistan. His primary interests are political economy, development economics, and experimental ec

onomics. Before coming to the Rady School, Callen was an Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School and an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. As a post doc, Callen was a visiting faculty member at the University of Californi

a, Berkeley Center for Effective Global Action and the UC San Diego Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. Callen has received research grants from the International Growth Center (IGC), South Asia Institute, Harvard University, Department for International Development, Consortium for Financi

al Systems and Poverty, Policy Design and Evaluation Laboratory, Center for Effective Global Action and the Development Innovation Lab (UC Berkeley). He also won the Innovate Award from the Development Innovation Lab from UC Berkeley. Callen earned his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Calif

ornia, San Diego and his B.Sc. in Econometrics and Mathematical Economics from the London School of Economics and Political Science.Catherine Wolfram is the Cora Jane Flood Professor of Business Administration at the Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley. She is also Faculty Director of the Energy In

stitute at Haas and of The E2e Project, a research organization focused on energy efficiency. She is program director of the Environmental and Energy Economics program at the National Bureau of Economic Research and an affiliated faculty member in the Agriculture and Resource Economics department an

d the Energy and Resources Group at Berkeley. Wolfram has published extensively on the economics of energy markets. She has studied the electricity industry around the world and has analyzed the effects of environmental regulation, including climate change mitigation policies, on the energy sector.

She is currently implementing several randomized controlled trials to evaluate energy programs in the U.S., Kenya and India. She received a PhD in economics from MIT in 1996 and an AB from Harvard in 1989. Before joining the faculty at UC Berkeley, she was an assistant professor of economics at Harv

ard.

The Politics of Command

為了解決Afghanistan civil wa的問題，作者Freedman, Lawrence 這樣論述：

Using examples from a wide variety of conflicts, Lawrence Freedman shows that successful military command depends on the ability not only to use armed forces effectively but also to understand the political context in which they are operating.Command in war is about forging effective strategies a

nd implementing them, making sure that orders are appropriate, well-communicated, and then obeyed. But it is also an intensely political process. This is largely because how wars are fought depends to a large extent on how their aims are set. It is also because commanders in one realm must possess t

he ability to work with other command structures, including those of other branches of the armed forces and allies. In Command, Lawrence Freedman explores the importance of political as well as operational considerations in command with a series of eleven vivid case studies, all taken from the perio

d after 1945. Over this period, the risks of nuclear escalation led to a shift away from great power confrontations and towards civil wars, and advances in communication technologies made it easier for higher-level commanders to direct their subordinates. Freedman covers defeats as well as victories

. Pakistani generals tried to avoid surrender as they were losing the eastern part of their country to India in 1971. Iraq’s Saddam Hussein turned his defeats into triumphant narratives of victory. Osama bin Laden escaped the Americans in Afghanistan in 2001. The UK struggled as a junior partner to

the US in Iraq after 2003. We come across insubordinate generals, such as Israel’s Arik Sharon, and those in the French army in Algeria, so frustrated with their political leadership that they twice tried to change it. At the other end of the scale, Che Guevara in Congo in 1966 and Igor Girkin in Uk

raine in 2014 both tried to spark local wars to suit their grandiose objectives. Freedman ends the book with a meditation on the future of command in a world that is becoming increasingly reliant on technologies like artificial intelligence. A wide-ranging and insightful history of the changing natu

re of command in the postwar era, this will stand as a definitive account of a foundational concept in both military affairs and politics.

中國作為緬甸和平進程之第三方調解者的角色

為了解決Afghanistan civil wa的問題，作者白瑞明 這樣論述：

自從緬甸總統登盛上任後，開始制定一份包容各方的「全國停火協議」，世界各國際機構與聯合國也堅定不移地加入支持緬甸的和平。然而，五年過後，花費了數百萬美元的捐助資金，目前21個民族地方武裝團體卻只有10個同意簽署加入，翁山蘇姬與全國民主聯盟領導的和平進程似乎幾近於失敗了。與此同時，相較於大多數國際機構逐漸消失的影響力，中國在緬甸和平進程中的第三方協調角色，卻愈見突出。本研究試圖利用現實主義與中國在緬甸所佈局的地緣政治與經濟戰略，其中涵蓋中國南部邊境的和平穩定考量等關鍵議題，分析何以中國能在緬甸和平進程中扮演如此成功的第三方協調角色。相較於其他國際機構與聯合國的協調失靈，中國採用多層級的參與策略，

針對利害關係人甚至緬甸一般民眾，展現其在緬甸和平進程中的突出影響力。本研究同時利用“局內人－偏袒模型” （Insider-Partial Model）與“局外人－中立模型” （Outsider-Neutral Model）來分析中國在緬甸所發揮的第三方協調角色。本研究發現，由於中國與緬甸長久以來的歷史、文化與經濟連結，以及中國西南邊境與各民族地方武裝團體長期關係，使得中國扮演著局內人－偏袒的協調者角色。事實上，中國在緬甸和平進程中扮演一個獨特的角色，它是部分協調和部分利害相關人的角色，它視自己的利益優先於解決緬甸70年來的國內衝突。在本研究完成之時，中國仍尚未成功地說服大多數地方武裝團體簽署停

火協議。